Democratic Leadership Style Advantages and Disadvantages

egalitarian Leadership Style Advantages and DisadvantagesThe antiauthoritarian travel byers expressive style is a very open and collegial style of discharge a team up. Ideas move ejectly amongst the aggroup and atomic number 18 discussed openly. Everyone is given a seat at the table, and discussion is relatively free-flowing.This style is needed in dynamic and rapidly changing milieus where very little can be taken as a constant. In these fast moving organizations, all(prenominal) option for improvement has to be considered to keep the group from falling step to the fore of date.The democratic leading style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging people to part their ideas, and then synthesizing all the available information into the best possible decisiveness. The democratic leader must overly be able to communicate that decisiveness back to the group to perplex unity the plan is chosen.When is it Used?When situations reposition frequently, democratic lea d offers a great deal of flexibility to lodge to snap off ship canal of doing things. Unfortunately, it is also somewhat unbend to make a ending in this structure, so while it whitethorn embrace newer and better methods it talent not do so very quickly. participatory leaders style can bring the best out of an experienced and original team. It capitalizes on their skills and talents by letting them sh ar their views, rather than only expecting them to conform.If a decision is very complex and broad, it is important to have the different beas of expertness represented and contri onlying input this is where democratic leader shines.Good fits for republican LeadershipCreative groups (advertising, design)ideas need to flow in fictive environments to draw create new concepts and designs.Consultingwhen paid to explore problems and contract solutions, your role go out be to explore the possibilities in depth, and that means there has to be a great deal of exploration and open discussion.Much of the Service painsnew ideas intromit for more than flexibility to changing customer demands. upbringingfew places need to be open to different ideas than education, both by educators and their students.How to be effective with this positionKeep communication openIf the mart of ideas is going to be open for business, everyone needs to step comfortable exuberant to put their ideas on the table. The democratic leaders style thrives when all the considerations be laid out for everyone to examine.Focus the discussionIts hard to keep formless discussion productive. Its the leaders job to balance being open to ideas and memory everything on-topic. If the conversation begins to stray, remind everyone of the goal on hand and then nothingness it back. Make sure to take note of off-topic comments and try to return to them when they are pertinent.Be ready to commitIn the democratic leaders style, you build presented with so many possibilities and suggestions that it can be overwhelming and difficult to commit. alone as the leader, when the time comes, you have to choose and do so with conviction. The team depends on the clear and unambiguous mandates to be committed.Respect the ideasYou and your team might not agree with every idea, and thats ok. It is important, however, that you create a healthy environment where those ideas are entertained and considered not maligned or the flow of ideas will slow to a trickle.Explain, except dont apologizeYou want the advocates of the solutions that were not selected to understand that their thoughts were considered and had validity, but that ultimately you had strong reasons to go a different direction. Its important that the decision be communicated, but you should not apologize for deciding on what you think.(http//www.leadership-toolbox.com/democratic-leadership-style.html)DemocraticLeadershipUnder democratic leadership, the people have a more participatory role in the decision making process. One i ndividual retains final say over all decisions but allows others to share brainwave and ideas.This is often a highly effective form of leadership. People are more likely to excel in their positions and develop more skills when they feel empowered, and people are empowered when they are involved in the decision-making process.Although it may take some time to achieve full participation from a group, the end result will be rewarding if you can eff to establish a power-sharing environment in your group project. You will find that democratic practices often lead to a more productive and high quality workplace group.Examples of democratic leadershipAsking all group members for ideas and input.Voting on the best course of action in a project.Asking group members to work with their strengths and provide input on how to disassociate the work. liEnabling members to work at their own pace and set their own deadlines.Pitfalls of Democratic LeadershipIt doesnt take too much imagination to think of ways that democratic leadership could backfire during a group project. As you probably know, some members of a group will work well on their own and complete all work in a by the way fashion. But there are other workers who will procrastinate-and that can lead to disaster.If you are a natural democratic leader, it might be necessary to learn some traits of the haughty or bureaucratic leaders and hook into them as necessary. Always have a backup plan on handWhat is Democratic Leadership?Democratic Leadership is the leadership style that promotes the sharing of accountability, the exercise of delegation and continual consultation. The style has the take ining characteristics1. manager seeks consultation on all major issues and decisions.2.Manager effectively attribute tasks to subordinates and give them full control and responsibility for those tasks.3.Manager welcomes feedback on the results of intiatives and the work environment.4.Manager encourages others to become leaders and be involved in leadership development.What argon The Benefits Of The Democratic Leadership Style?Positive work environment.A culture where junior employees are given fair amount of responsibility and are allowed to challenge themselves is one where employees are more enthused to work and transport what they do.Successful initiatives.The process of consultation and feedback naturally results in better decision making and more effective operations. Companies run under democratic leadership tend to run into fewer grave mistake and catastrophes. To put it simply people tell a democraticleaderwhen something is going ill wrong, while employees are encouraged to simply hide it from an autocrat.Creative thinking.The free flow of ideas and positive work environment is the perfect catalyst for creative thinking. To further their leadership education, people often check theonline MBA rankingsto see whether MBA online is a match for them. The benefits of this arent just relevant for creative industries, because creative thinking is inevitable to solve problems in every single organisation, whatever its nature.Reduction of friction and office politics.By allowing subordinates to use their ideas and even more importantly gain quote for them, you are neatly reducing the amount of tension employees generate with their manager. When autocratic leaders refuse to listen to their workers, or blatantly ignore their ideas, they are effectively asking for people to talk behind their back and set out to undermine or supercede them.Reduced employee turnover rate.When employees feel empowered through leadership development, a company will experience lower rates of employee turnover which has numerous benefits. A company that invests in leadership development for its employees, is invest in their future, and this is appreciated by a large majority of the workforce.What Are The Disadvantages Of The Democratic Leadership Style?Lengthy and boring decision making. see k consultation over every decision can lead to a process so slow that it can cause opportunities to be missed, or hazards avoided too late.Danger of pseudo participation.Many managers simply pretend to follow a democratic leadership style simply to score a point in the eyes of their subordinates. Employees are quick to realise when their ideas arent real valued, and that the manager is merely following procedure in asking for suggestions, but never actually implementing them. In other words, theyre simply exerting autocratic leadership in disguise.When Is The Democratic Leadership Style Effective?Now youve perceive about the benefits and drawbacks of this leadership style, lets look at where its actually implemented in the business world.1.Democratic leadership is applied to an extent in the manufacturing industry, to allow employees to give their ideas on how processescanbecome leaner and more efficient. period Fordism is still applied in some factories across the country, truth is that labor managers are now really starting to harness the motivational bonuses associated with not treating employees like robots anymore.2.Democratic leadershp is effective in proffessional organisations where the emphasis is clearly on training, professional leadership development and quality of work performed. Democratic procedures are simply just one cog in the effective leadership mechanisms firms likeThe Big Fourhave created over the years.3.Non profit organisations also tremendously benefit from drawing upon the creative energies of all their staff to bring about cost cutting techniques or fund raising ideas.4.As previously mentioned, creative industries such as advertising and television jollify alot of benefits from the free flow of ideas that democratic leadership brings.

The Power Of Margaret Thatcher

The military force Of Margaret ThatcherThe coming to occasion of Margaret Thatcher in March 1979 was in a condition marked by the 1970s in England by crisis in stinting, social, political and cultural. The crisis was scotchal with the 1973 oil crisis, the deindustrialisation, the negative growth in 1974-1975, the rise of unemployment, and the gamy level of inflation. The crisis is with the social movements of strikes that paralyzed the clownish, and mass unemployment. The crisis is political with the growing power of couplings fighting for wage claims. Unions refuse influenceation to 5% of the increase in base salaries that wants to impose the Callaghan regimen. Winter 1979, called Winter of Discontent, saw successive strikes increasingly unpopular which paralyzed the country. In this winter of Discontent, deuce bring out of deuce-ace manufacturing companies were affected by strikes and stoppages. (Norman Gash, Madsen Pirie, 1989, p2). And finally, the cultural crisis is, in retrospect the success of the offbeat tack forward which does neither lead to growth nor full employment.We can non thitherfore underestimate the seriousness of the situation in Great Britain in the late 1970s. England was the British disease (Green, 2006, p55), through this study we leave aloneing deal how Margaret Thatcher and her administration drive the country with economical form _or_ system of government with the objective to hold out down the inflation and to enable Britain parsimoniousness to recover balance growth. We will first explore whether it was a Thatcher Revolution? And in a indorse part we will see if this rotation was a success a miracle. Finally we analyze the statement.Margaret Thatcher won the choices in may 1979 and will be the first woman to rule England. Middle-class daughter of a grocer, she grew in an environment conducive to the Victorian nourishs such as work, the tenseness on family, the sense of nationhood, and cede enterprising ness. With these convictions, she adopted a policy and anti-interventionist school of position (Green, 2006, p56) to rescue the British providences make up. It is in this context that the elections occur. Margaret Thatcher urge iodined on the theme of British evenfall, socialism was for her as unmitigated evil, a perversion of human personality and a blight upon the land (Jenkis, 1989, p322) imposed by all-powerful unions, who begin instilled in the world a culture of dependency. She undertakes to give priority to enterprise culture (Pugh, 1994, p20), free market, curb inflation and to curtail the role of the state (Pugh, 1994, p20). Thatcher get backd to follow drastic measures (John Redwood, Madsen Pirie, 1989, P6). She easily wins the elections of May 1979 a voter turnout clearly based on the discontent of the consensus state-employers-unions, became inoperative. She said in Perth during her campaign Today it is socialism which is in retreat and Conservativism which i s advancing..(Jenkins, 1989, p323)Margaret Thatcher created the political revolution has profoundly changed the political life, breaking with the values advocated by the Keynesian flummox her primary objective was to fight against inflation forrader unemployment, she wanted the free market, she seeks to reduce trade union power, and reduce tax revenuees to encourage growth. The Right get on to the Economy is directly shaked by the partys program of 1970, and monetarist theories of Milton Friedman as the liberalism of Friedrich Hayek. For monetarist, wrong rises could be restrained by restricting the supply of money to the frugality (Pugh, 1989, p303). She wanted to roll back the frontiers of the state (Jenkins, p369) and refocus on its vivid function to guarantee the currency, maintaining public ramble and National defense.The liberalization of the frugality has answered under four themes the affirmation of the primacy of the market, privatization of some public firmamen t, advance of wear down relations and tax better.The assertion of the primacy of the market was made in 1979 by removing a certain number of controls over income, equipment casualtys, dividends and wages. Inflation led to price controls, wage controls in order to combat rising public outgo (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p12). The government has effectively abolished the incomes policy and price from Callaghan government. The decision made by Thatcher to curb inflation by monetary means was an excellent decision, the value of the British currency has risen and has helped to make the British economy more than than attractive to investors. (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p12). In mid 1980s, Lord Young was responsible for the deregulation unit and made good progress and results however, the government was faced with the destiny to regulate the financial helps industry, to regulate privatized telephone and gas companies to accord with the creation of an integ lay outd European market (John Redwood , Madsen Pirie, 1989, P12). Deregulation enabled substantial utility in customer service with lower prices and better services in airline and bus industry. (John Redwood, Madsen Pirie, 1989, P13)Then there was the liberalization of swell movements began in July 1979 that accelerated the internationalization of the British economy and stimulated the activities of the City of London. Mergers, investing of foreign multinationals have thus been encouraged and Great Britain was the European country well-nigh open to Japanese investment since 10 socio-economic classs. by and by a trip to Japan in 1982, Mrs Thatcher did not hesitate to encourage Nissan to organise up factories in Britain it was agnise the following year. The export of the British capital has enabled the UK to continue to invest heavily abroad (Leruez, 1991, p146), and assets of the UK exceed 100 zillion pounds by the end of 1988. This liberalization of the economy was completed in October 1986 by the deregulation of activities in the City in London. Despite the competition of new(prenominal) capital markets, this revolution has allowed London to maintain its role as a leader and pioneer in the financial industry (Leruez, 1991, p146).Although the privatizations program the most unique success (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p10) is direct considered as en essential reform of the Thatcher government, it should be noted that it was not given an importance in the election manifesto of 1979. This show the inherently adaptable character of the action of Mrs Thatcher (Leruez, 1991, p147), and became the concentre piece of the Thatcher Revolution (Jenkins, 1989, p370). The economic justifications of denationalization are the following reduction the influence of state and the political decision making on the economy, change magnitude efficiency and innovation of companies, decentralizing economical decision and negotiations of wages and functional conditions. Major privatizations (Britoil, British Telecom , British Gas) and most symbolic (Rolls Royce, privatization of water) (Leruez, 1991, p147) started betwixt 1979-1983. The privatization surgical process enabled success of major industries, British Airways became highly profitable and successful airline. (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p10). regular(a) the British steel became in Europe the most productive and profitable. The Privatization of painter was considered as a signal for a major change of attitudes in that company, with improvement of quality of product, with emphasis on training, cooperation from de workforce as shareholders (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p11). mingled with 1983 and 1987 under the second term of Mrs. Thatchers privatization program will bring more than 10 billion pounds, or 5 times more than the previous. Privatization enabled companies to decide by themselves concerning investments, strategies, and became synonymous with popular ownership (Jenkins, 1989, p370). In 1978-1979, thirteen out of the eighteen have been priv atized (Madsen Pirie, 1989, P11). Harold McMillan denounced privatisation as selling the family silver.(should I give a comment for this, please help me) (Pugh, 1994, p317). In 1988, the public sector accounted for nevertheless 4% of employment and 7% of GDP. Its about the quarter of the public sector companies transferred to the private sector and 600,000 employees transferred from the public to private sector (Jenkins, 1989, p369).Thatcher encourages the liberalization of gap indeed, we observed the growth of entrepreneurship, more of one million opted to set up their own companies between 1979 and 1987. (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p15). As new opportunities have been allowed for people working in the deregulated sectors (public transport, air transport, catering) which adhere to the advantage of markets and competition. Private companies have realized the importance of quality, training and research and development. (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p15)In the mid 1980s, England experienced a sig nificant rise in industrial and commercial activity with an change magnitude number of investments. Indeed, the North Sea industrial and commercial companies have achieved a rate of 8% return during the 1970s, which reached 4% in 1981, and increased beyond 10% in 1987. (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p15)Politically, Thatcher government has achieved one of its objectives the expansion of public shareholding. Shareholders were now outnumbering unionized in the adult population 20% against 3% in 1979. In addition, three quarters of these new shareholders will own shares in newly privatized companies. (Leruez, 1991, p150). There was a revolution by the expansion of shareholding, one in five of the population become shareholders (Jenkins, 1989, p369). From 1979 to 1987, there was an increased from 7 to 20 per cent of the owning shares of the population (Jenkins, 1989, p370)On the other(a) hand, the government pertinacious to implement strategies such as the housing programme to encourage found ation ownership at the expense of council housing (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p8). The extension of ownership was a revolution, a million council tenants purchased their own homes (Jenkins, 1989, p369)Others reforms were on trade unions in order to regulate their actions. The 1980 fair play on project relations merely limit the company closed shop, to prohibit sympathy strikes. The 1982 Act is much more restrictive, yet it limits the closed shop by requiring that it be approved by 80% of staff concerned and for 5 years only. But it has other limitations while giving a strict definition of a interlocking of sub judice work, it increases the penalties for illegal actions, authorized or even just tolerated by the union involved, with potential fines. The 1984 Act contains mains provisions It stipulates that a referendum, secret ballots (Jenkins, 1989, p370) of members essential be held before the strike, without a prior vote conflict becomes illegal. The law requires the election of unio n executive (Jenkins, 1989, p370) every 5 years. With the 1984 Act, we passed from the definition of the legal framework of trade union action to the control of the internal state of trade unions. In 1979, the British trade unionism was 13 700 000 members or 54.6% of the workforce (Leruez, 1991, p153). In 1988, union members were only just over 10 000 000, the unionization rate fell to 35%. The primary cause of the decline in unionization is the fall in industrial employment (coal, steel) between 1979 and 1986. The culture that encourages individualism and the poor public image of unions led to the decline of unions. In 1987 only one per cent of voters would consider trade union power to be the chief issue facing the country, when in May 1979, 73 per cent of people had believed to be so. (Jenkins, 1989, p369). The marginalised membership in dispense unions shows the revolution in the British beliefs, mentalities and is the most singular of her Thatcher achievements (Jenkins, 1989, p370)The Strikes launched against Thatcher or during Thatcher politics have been failures (The steel strike in 1980, The strike of public service in 1981). The defeat of the miners in 1984 after a conflict during a year from March 1984 to March 1985 marked a turning point. It was a revolution, the government has managed to resist and endure for a year of strikes in the coalfields and put an end to Arthur Scargill actions. (Jenkins, 1989, p369)The other structural reform in the economy was the taxation. This reform is directly linked with the general objective of liberation of the individual gap and to decrease the weight of government on individuals and on businesses. The VAT rate is replaced by a single rate of 15%. The corporate tax decreased from 50% to 35%, but employer contributions to the functioning of social security department had greatly increased (under Labour was down). However, individual contributions to Social Security grew high-velocity than the cost of living. The general effect of this global redistribution of taxes was an increase of the poorer part of the population poverty with the existence of inequalities in income and living conditions across regions. (Leruez, 1991, p157)Through these reforms, the government had a budget surplus of 3, 6 billon pounds in fiscal year 1987-1988 and 14 billion from 1988-1989 (including 6 billion pounds from privatizations)The Thatcher measures helped the British economy to perform between 1979-1983, productivity was 2, 1%, above EEC and OECD performances. Between 1982 and 1988, Britain will record better results than the major OECD partners (Layard Nickell, 1989, p215). The brutal measures of 1979-1981 have allowed a spectacular improvement in the years 1982-1988, which shows the undoubted vitality of the economy. (Leruez, 1991, p159). This miracle some observers said that something affect has happened to British productivity (Layard Nickell, 1989, p215). Thatcher actions in 1979, by doubling the V AT and retrenchment of the incomes policy had consequence on increase of the inflation in 1980. In 1979 inflation was 13, 2% and decreased to 5,6% in 1988, a decrease of 7,6 points. (Layard Nickell, 1989, p216).After 12 years of Thatcherism, we highlight structural problems in the British economy For Jenkins (1989, p329), the greatest failure of the Thatcher Revolution has been in the application of market economics to the benefit state. The priority of the government was to get rid of inflation before creating employment. (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p13) Unemployment double from 4,7% in 1979 to 8,5% in 1988 and concerned primary wage earners (Layard Nickell, 1989, p216). We thought that in 1986, unemployment fell but in reality it was a decrease of the number of people receiving benefits (Layard Nickell, 1989 p216). The Government created training programmes such as hands Services Commission (Madsen Pirie, 1989, p13) but it was a mismatch between skills demanded and skills held by the unemployment (Layard Nickell, 1989, p218). The inadequacy compounded by the socio-economic disparities between regions Development disparities between compass north and south of England have increased since the recession of 1979 to 1982. In January 1987 there were 1 740 800 unemployed in the North and 1 185 000 in the South. In January 1989, there were 1 878 000 unemployed in the whole country, 1 102 700 in the North. 94 per cent of the 1979-1986 job losses had been in the Midlands and the North (Jenkins, 1989, p330). Immobility of labour and the decline in manufacture explained theses regional disparities. (Jenkins, 1989, p330) The Two nations, The privileged and the deal (Jenkins p372) as Disraeli described characterised the polarisation (Jenkins, 1989, p372) of the British population with the emergence of two entirely different socio-economic systems (Andrew Broadbent in New Society, 14 May 1986, quoted in Jenkins, 1989, p372). Inequality increased by inequality in pre-tax earning and even by the unequal distribution of the average direct tax rates. The number of families with children in poverty rose by 580,000 to 1,171,000 in 1986 (Church of England, Not just for the Poor, 1986, p46)Nigel Lawson characterised the economic growth improvement by 4% between 1883 and 1988 as economic miracle. The measures implemented have reduced inflation from 22% in 1980 to 7% in 1985 and a decrease of 3% in 1986. (Pugh, 1989, P306). However, deep-seated problems of the economy remained (Pugh, 1989, p304) with a high level of unemployment. (3,2 millions in 1985) (Pugh, 1989, p306).This economic miracle defined by Nigel Lawson was actually an economic mirage The rise of the demand for consumer goods has been artificial, it rested on an expand debt and spending on imports helped to unbalance trade deficits with more than 15 billion from 1988 to 1989. (Pugh, 1989, p306). The Statement of Thatcher may be compared to important social marginalization of a significant prop ortion of the population that appears even in the unemployment statistics a disaster.It was a revolution in that she broke sharply with the principles that guided economic policy in Britain since 1945 (Callaghan, Healey Government, Welfare State, Keynesianism policy). They Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher were revolutionaries in their thinking and in their ability to inspire others to accept fundamental change (Martin Feldstein, Project Syndicate, 2009), and also because it was implemented as a routine set of ideas that were a world view.Peter Jenkins (1989) returns to his ascension, puts into context and shows how her policy in stark contrast with everything that has been done before. Margaret Thatcher was indeed a revolution, a political belief, a philosophy and style beyond the umteenth administration, yet another government. There is a before and after Thatcher, was find here in what her legacy will be decisive for the British political landscape for years to come.For Martin F eldstein (2009), Margaret Thatcher brought such profound improvements that there is no going back. Regarding to the miracle, it must be taken to mean economic miracle, because in the 1970s, Britain was really the sick man of Europe.The growth, prosperity and productivity performance in England can be considered as a miracle. However, this revolution does not take advantage and do not concern the whole population. Jenkins used the parole half revolution, because Britain remains divided into Two nations, but at the alike(p) time two ideals between the new Enterprise ideal and the Welfare ideal.(Jenkins,1989, p378) Thatcher modified the British economic governance (Green, 2006 p56), she neglected the human consequences of her economic policies.The reforms of Mrs Thatcher allowed her to fully address the globalization of the years 1980-1990.

Cannibalism: As sanctioned by a cultural norm

Cannibalism As sancti hotshotd by a ethnical normWhat would you choose, sweep away or be run downen? Will you save your emotional state or save otherwises? Its a very hard decision, to bottomnibalize your chum hu art objects. Its a matter of choice. Many of us atomic number 18 non convert with this kind of matter, its very hard to accept that cannibalism some clippings use for selection. Its because the suffice of cannibalism can also be considered as a crime. (Adams, 2004) Then rescuer said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, except ye eat the physique of the password of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. Whoso eateth my course, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life and I will raise him up at the last day. For my variety is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed New Testa manpowert, John 653-55Cannibalism is also called anthropophagy, eating of piece condition by another human. at that place atomic number 18 some motives for cannib alism, in some tribes it is a dampen of their culture, so the act of cannibalism is being normald. Another reason is that cannibalism is a form of survival. The hungry people for instance trapped in a wild place, the pr indeterminatesity of it is for them to find a viands source, and if they cant find any food it can lead to Cannibalism or what we called the survival cannibalism. And the closely honey oil reason for cannibalism is the insanity of people. (Adams, 2004)It was considered a great triumph among the Marquesans to eat the form of a dead man. They treated their captives with great cruelty. They broke their legs to prevent them from attempting to escape forward being eaten, notwithstanding kept them alive so that they could brood everyplace their impending fate. With this tribe, as with many others, the bodies of women were in great demand. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004)The anthropologist Tim White suggests that cannibalism was common in human societies before the be ginning of the upper Palaeolithic period. He based his theory on the solelychered human bones that frame in Neanderthal and another low/middle Palaeolithic sites. (White, 2006) Cannibalism lower and in middle Palaeolithic may have occurred because of food scarcity. (Owen, 2006)In former(a) history cannibalism is mentioned many times. In bible (2 kings 625-30) wherein two women intract able to eat their children () the same story that was t hoar by Flavius Josephus during the invasion of Jerusalem by Rome, cannibalism is also documented during the starvation in Egypt that caused by the failure of Nile river to alluvial sediment for eight years (1073-1064 BC). (Against Jovanius-Book II, 1893)As in modern times, (modern era) there argon many founts of cannibalism especially during World War II, the brutality of Japanese is spread, delinquent to pretermit of food sources. Even s sure-enough(a)iers probably killed and ate during and after the battle. During starvation, soldiers ar e forced to eat the diseased prisoner even though it is disgusting, but they have no choice because that is the only way for them to survive. It is an example of survival cannibalism. (Ang, 2005)Anthropologists have made no serious attempt to disabuse the usual of the widespread notion of the ubiquity of anthropophagists. in the deft hands and prosperous imaginations of anthropologists, former or contemporary anthropophagists have multiplied with the advance of elaboration and fieldwork in formerly un examine culture areas. The existence of man-eating peoples near beyond the pale of civilization is a common ethnographic suggestion. Arens, 1981The manners of the Androphagi are more savage than those of any other race. They neither observe justice, nor are governed, by any laws. They are nomads, and their dress is Scythian but the phraseology which they speak is peculiar to themselves. Un care any other nation in these parts, they are cannibals.Rawlinson, 1858-1860The Anthropop hagi, whom we have previously mentioned as d welling ten old age journey beyond the Borysthenes, according to the account of Isigonus of Nica, were in the habit of potable out of human skulls, and placing the scalps, with the hair attached, upon their breasts, like so many napkins. Bostock and Riley 1855I trust that when man evolves a civilization higher than the mechanized but still primitive one he has now, the eating of human flesh will be sanctioned. For then man will have throw off all of his superstitions and irrational taboos.-Diego RiveraWhen humans eat the flesh of other humans in able for them to survive this is what we called survival cannibalism. This is the only for the most part accepted form of cannibalism but still it is penal by the law. close to people think that all people have the capacity to eat other people if you put them in right circumstances. As mentioned a while ago regarding the cannibalism during World War II, it is considered as survival cannibalis m because of famine. (http//www.trutv.com/) eat someone who has died in order to survive is incorporating their substance, and it is quite possible to equality this with a graft. Flesh survives when assimilated by someone in extreme need, just as it does when an eye or heart of a dead man is grafted onto a living man (Auxiliary Bishop of Montevideo. Read, pp.1974. Alive. Avon, New York)In early 1942 an Indian soldier Hatam Ali was a witness ofcannibalism during World War II. He tried and true to escape from the hand of the Japanese but before he leaves, he witnessed the brutality of Japanese among the prisoners as well as the soldiers because they are lack of food sources, they ate the diseased prisoner sometimes they draw lots. Whoever was picked was the one who will be killed and cooked. Could you imagine you are eating human flesh everyday? (Armando, 2005)Nothing more strongly arouses our disgust than cannibalism, yet we concord the same impression on Buddhists and vegetarians , for we feed on babies, though not our stimulate. Steevenson 1850Ritualistic and Epicurean Cannibalism, the modern forms of this typewrite of cannibalism is very similar and can be seen in some other tribes. The only difference is that this type of cannibalism is associated with satanic and cult group religious rites. Epicurean and nutritional cannibalism is the rarer and is usually considered as a sub-motivation of other forms of cannibalism, such as the survival cannibalism and the sexual cannibalism.(http//www.trutv.com/)The ritual cannibalism is more complicated type of cannibalism compare to other types, because human flesh are sold as a medicine in various(a) human diseases. This is something exotic, because the medicines are came from human flesh, some American food cultist studied about the use of human placenta as a remedy in any human diseases. (Janzen, 1980)In Helsinki, Finland in 1999, there two men and a teen-aged girl arrested because of the bedevilment, murder a nd cannibalism of a twenty-three year old man. They claimed that they are satanic and they perform a ritualistic killing. (http//www.trutv.com/)The cannibalistic exercising among criminals is increasing over the last century particularly in the westward hemisphere. The law makers around the world are forced to establish or to update the law regarding cannibalism. Because many crime including criminal cannibalism has been reported and well documented. In some cultures the act of criminal cannibalism maybe an acceptable factor for another culture.(http//www.trutv.com/)There are many people who refuse to believe that cannibalism is being practiced in this modern civilized age. Somehow there is much proof suggesting that it does occurred and with some frequency. There are so may documented cases of cannibalism particularly during the last 100 years.(http//www.trutv.com/)Self cannibalism is a practice of eating oneself. The other term for self cannibalism is motorcar cannibalism or a uto sarcophagi. (http//meish.org) Some people are engaged in self cannibalism because of body adjustment for example eating your own skin because of body modification or by drinking your own blood. This practice is called auto vampirism. still sucking blood from wounds is not considered as cannibalism. (Anonymous) On January 13, 2007 the Chilean workman Marco Evaristti was a host in a dinner party for his friends. The important meal is agnolotti pasta which was topped with a meatball made from artist own fat. (http//www.news.com.au/ )Self-cannibalism sometimes used in brutality as a torture method. Like Erzebet Bathor, she tortured her servants by forcing them to eat their own flesh. (Adams, 1986)In sextupletteenth century, during the time of Spaniards, they forced the native people to eat their own testicles as a capital punishment. (De La Torre, 1986)The Chijon family were a gang of cannibals in in the south Korea. This group of cannibals was founded by Kim Ki Hwan, a former convict and 6 other prisoners joined the gang. The Chijon family is composed of 7 criminals, the objective of this gang is to rook rich people and extort money from their families, Because of the anger of this gang to the rich people, forced them to kill the best customers in one of the most max department store in Seoul, reciprocal ohm Korea. afterward the crime the six members of chijon family were found guilty in murdering five people in 1994. After the crime, one member of chijon family confessed in front end of many people that he ate the flesh of one of the victims and saying that he wanted to drop by the wayside his humanity. The gang realized that they need more tactical and more trenchant way to kidnap a wealthy old men. The gang was able to get the list from renegade personnel. The list contained the name of the big time customers. With the use of that list they choose who the next victim is. On November 1, 1994 the chijon family was sentenced to death because of the five people they killed. (http//www.imaeil.com/)Another case of cannibalism has been reported in southwestern Korea. A self-confessed cannibal named Yoo Young-chul that was born in 1970 in South Korea admitted that he killed 21 people most of them are prostitutes and rich old men. The Seoul central district court accused him of 20 murders (one case dismissed on a technicality). He burned three of his victims and cut the body of at least 11 of them and after that he confessed that he ate the livers of some of his victims. This crime was happened between September 2003 and July 2004. When Yoo was arrested, in front of media he explains his motive, Yoo said that women shouldnt be sluts and the rich should know what theyve done On July 19, 2005 he was sentenced by death by the Supreme Court. Because of that case, the South Koreans open their minds about the capital punishment in South Korea. (http//trutv.com)Cannibalism exists because of the hungry people, collectible to lack of food sources, many people are forced to ingest their fellow human because that is the only thing that they can do in able for them to survive. There are many cases of cannibalism in different countries like in China, Korea and Japan. Some people are practicing the act of cannibalism because its a part of their culture, but some other people are practicing the act of cannibalism because of insanity. The most generally accepted form of cannibalism is the survival cannibalism but its still punishable by the law. If you put yourself in a situation wherein youre going to choose, to eat or be eaten, its a very hard decision, as a matter of fact many people choose to eat human flesh rather than to die because of hunger. Based on my study, I found out that there are three things why cannibalism has been practiced in some other countries. First, the insanity of People, second, as sanctioned by a cultural norm and lastly, for survival.

Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia

Diabetes Mellitus and HypoglycemiaDisease classificationDiabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolous diseases, diabetes mellitus happen when ashes does non dependent to use insulin efficiently or the insulin is not catch more enough in a someone lineage. accord to Kowalczyk N (2013), this syndrome is related with chronic hyperglycemia in combining with glucose intolerance and alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There is certain sample to advert the heraldic bearing of this syndrome. Usu ally patient role undergo blood glucose take aims judge, before the patient take this outpouring, they need to fast 12.00 mid night, the normal blood glucose aims barf from 70 to 120 mg/dL, but if the blood glucose levels is greater than 126 mg/dL it is show that patient might bedevil Diabetes Mellitus syndrome. tally to Kishore,P (2013), Pancreas released a hormone called Insulin which controls the f atomic number 18 of glucose in the blood. The pancreas is stimulated by glucose in the blood stream. Insulin al showtimes glucose to appargonnt motion from the blood into the cells. Inside the cells glucose screwing transformed to energy, which is utilize instantly or the glucose is sto tearing as fat glycogen until it is required.Insulin production is related with the levels of glucose, when the glucose in blood is blue the insulin production add-ons, once the levels of glucose in the blood come choke off to normal, insulin production allow for decreases, normal blood glucose levels for healthy people is just about 70 to 120 miligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).Symptoms and complications of diabetes happen when the body does not convey enough insulin to move the glucose into the cells or if the cells stop responding normally to insulin, the consequential high levels of glucose in the blood and the meagerly amount of glucose in the cells to upriseher produce the symptoms and complications of diabetes.There were trine lineaments o f diabetes mellitus, instance 1, persona 2 and Gestational DiabetesDiabetes Mellitus Type 1Diabetes mellitus causa 1 is a genetic disorder and can be classify as an autoimmune disease, this disease too fuck as juvenile diabetes or insulin leechlike diabetes, agree to Kowalczyk N (2013) diabetes mellitus symbol 1 is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, these young individuas produce dwarfish to no insulin be effort of an autoimmune disease of the pancreatic B cells and be insulin dependent from a young age. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10 percent of cases of diabetes worldwide which is stated by The Health on the Net (HON) (2014).Diabetes Mellitus Type 2Diabetes mellitus pillow slip 2 is categorized as insulin resistant diabetes with an insufficient secretion of insulin. Type 2 dibetes mellitus is more common than shell 1 and the risk of developing this type increases with age, especially afterward the age of 40 years. It is also more prevalent in women than in men which are stated by Kowalczyk N (2013). According to Wisse B (2014) type 2 diabetes happen when insulin is not been respond correctly by fat, liver and muscle cells, this is called insulin resistance, therefore blood net profit or glucose does not get into these cells to be stored for energy. When sugar cannot go into cells, a high level of sugar builds up in the blood. This is called hyperglycemiaGestational DiabetesThis type affects females during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is caused when insulin receptors do not function properly, and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resultant roleing in increasingly rising levels of glucose. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can elevate the risk of problems during childbirth. The baby whitethorn be bigger than he/she should be.Disease processEtiologyGenerally the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is un get laidn. A number of descriptive theorie s have been put forward, and the cause whitethorn be one or more. One of the causes is autoimmune disease. This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and bring downs healthy body tissue, an infection causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in the pancreas that apply insulin in which c fall behind or damaging of the genus Beta cells, beta cells is special cells that produced insulin hormone in the pancreas. According to Wisse B (2014) Insulin is needed to move glucose into cells. Inside the cells, glucose is stored and later used for energy. Without sufficient insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. This increase glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia, therefore body is unable to use the glucose for energy. genetics is one of the causes, according to American Diabetes Association (2014) if you are a military personnel with type 1 diabetes the chances of your child developing diabetes are 1 in 17. I f you are a woman with type 1 diabetes and your child was born(p) before you were 25, your childs risk is 1 in 25, if your child was born after you turned 25, your childs risk is 1 in 100. Your childs risk is doubled if you develop diabetes before age 11. If both you and your partner have type 1 diabetes, the risk is between 1 in 10 and 1 in 4.Another cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus is viruses that might promote autoimmunity. According to American Diabetes Association (2014) A significant number of viruses have been associated with type 1 diabetes, including enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus B , but also rotavirus, mumps virus, and cytomegalovirus . Rubella virus has been suggested to cause type 1 diabetes, but so far only congenital rubella syndrome has convincingly been linked with the disease. The prime viral candidates for causing type 1 diabetes in graciouss are enteroviruses.Type 2 diabetes mellitus generally causes from the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is produced, as we know insulin resistance. According to Khardori. R (2014) Type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex dealing between environmental and genetic factors, environmental factor is including lifestyle for archetype (excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, fleshiness), high body mass index (BMI) increases risk for diabetes. In addition, an in utero environment consequential in low birth weight may influence some individuals to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Infant weight velocity has a small, indirect put up on adult insulin resistance. In addition about 90% of rotund patient develop type 2 dibetes mellitus.According to Winter S (2014). Second diabetes mellitus type 2 causes is by genetic, diabetes mellitus type 2 powerfully has a hereditary component. However not everyone who carries a mutation will get diabetes.Gestational Diabetes type affects females during pregnancy. The causes gestation al diabetes according to mayo Clinic (2014) during pregnancy, the placenta, which connects your baby to your blood supply, produces high levels of various other hormones. roughly all of them impair the action of insulin in your cells, raising your blood sugar. As your baby grows, the placenta produces more and more insulin-blocking hormones. In gestational diabetes, the placental hormones wind up a rise in blood sugar to a level that can affect the growth and welfare of your baby. Gestational diabetes usually develops during the trimester.PathogenesisAccording to Nucleus Medical Media (2014) Pathogenesis for diabetes mellitus type 1 is summaries that beta cells in the pancreas lose their ability to produce insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.In type 1 diabetes, your immune system, specifically your white blood cells, mistake your pancreatic beta cells for foreign invaders.In an autoimmune response, your white blood cells secrete auto antibodies that destroy your own b eta cells.As a result, your pancreas produces little or no insulin.Without insulin, glucose cannot get into your cells, so they are starved for the calories they should be receiving from glucose.In addition, the glucose level builds up in your bloodstream, resulting in a condition called hyperglycemia.Diabetes mellitus type 2 usualy caused by obesity and physical inactivity, Diabetes mellitus type 2 is categorized as insulin resistant diabetes, it normally referred to as the metabolic syndrome according to Hannele Yki-Jrvinen (2011) Insulin resistance can be define as the inability of insulin to produce its usual biological actions at locomote concentrations that are effective in normal subjects. In addition pathogenesis diabetes mellitus type 2 happen when beta cells of the pancreas are no longer capable to meet the bodys requirement for insulin. Hyperglycaemia therefore develops primarily in the course of beta cell failure, and in association with a greater beta cell mass, in i nsulin-resistant compared with insulin-sensitive individuals. The relative importance of trim secretion of insulin and increased demand insulin resistance turn tails along a range from one individual or population to the next.Pathogenesis of gestational diabetes. According to Manda A, when pregnant, human body will produce several hormones. Some pregnancy hormones fragment the usual function of insulin by interfering cell signalling pathways. In the bloodstream insulin will stimulates fat tissue and skeletal muscle cells to absorb glucose. Because of presence insulin resistance the process uptake of blood glucose is prevented as a result the blood sugar level remains high. In the pregnancy glucose usually present in the blood stream in the placenta through the Glucose conveyor 1 (GLU1) carrier to reach the fetus. If not been treated, amount of insulin develop by the fetus will increase, then the baby born larger body than is normal. After baby born the excess of glucose through placenta is done. However, the insulin production restrained increased it may lead to low blood glucose levels or hypoglycaemia. verbalismAccording to Kishore P (2013), The types of diabetes have very related symptoms. The first symptoms are related to the direct effects of high blood glucose levels. When the blood glucose level rises above 160 to 180 mg/dL, glucose spills into the pee. When the level of glucose in the urine rises even higher, the kidneys excrete additional water to dilute the large amount of glucose. Because the kidneys produce excessive urine, people with diabetes urinate large volumes frequently. The excessive urination creates abnormal thirst. Because excessive calories are lost in the urine, people may lose weight. To compensate, people often feel excessively hungry. Other symptoms acknowledge blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea, and decreased endurance during exercise.Significant Lab TestsThere are severe test can done to demonstrate diabetes mellitus (DM). According to Mayo Clinic (2014), the common test done is Glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Test this blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past deuce to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin youll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. Below 5.7 is considered normal. However If the A1C test results arent consistent, the test isnt available, or if you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate such as if youre pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin (known as a hemoglobin variant) your doctor may use the next tests to diagnose diabetes such as.Random blood sugar test.Fasting blood sugar test.Oral glucose tolerance test

Phoenician Society: Role of Seafaring and Maritime Knowledge

Phoenician Society Role of Seafaring and Maritime companionshipDiscuss the role of oceangoing and maritime friendship within Phoenician society and its expansion.Introduction.As a people the Phoenicians endured for just closely three cat valium years and were already flourishing by 3,000 B.C. just it was non until virtu eachy 1100 B.C., with the demise of the lively dominant peoples in the area, that the Phoenicians came to the fore as a significant force. From this time, until around 600 B.C., they dominated the Mediterranean by trading and establishing colonies angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most master(prenominal) being Carthage. The success of their culture seems importantly to shake been repay commensurate to the proximity of the Mediterranean that encouraged dependence on seafaring and trade. Indeed, as Holst1 indicates, international trade formed part of the guiding principles on which the Phoenician civilization was implanted that also included a commit ment to spanking partnerships, peaceful personatetlement of disputes, equality, privacy, religious freedom and paying attention of women. Although the majority of Phoenician trade was initially land based, a significant amount began to slang place by sea2 testified by the wealth of Tyre that, along with Byblos, Sidon, Arados and Simyra, were the main fundament-based Phoenician sea ports. Initially, Phoenician sea trade was mainly with the Greeks involving glass, slaves and Tyrian colour dye made from a sea shell called Murex and textiles coloured with much(prenominal)(prenominal) dyes formed one of the main Phoenician exports. Most of the major Mediterranean countries were involved in trade with the Phoenicians that included such commodities as cotton, timber, wool, cherished stones, embroidery, wine, corn and various opposite(a) foodstuff including spices whereas countries as far outside(a) as Spain traded metals such as tin, iron and lead.3The Importance of grappleTrad e and colonisation originally centred on bartering indigenous timber as come up as fishing skills, the latter of which is fantasy to have provided the competence for afterwards seafaring abilities.4 The far reaching sea trade of the Phoenicians took 2 forms with existing Phoenician colonies and countries in navig fitting-bodied reach. The colonies provided a means by which the home country could be assured of supplies of goods deemed essential. In this respect, Cyprus became a colony to look the supply of wood and copper, Sardinia and Spain for useful metals. In re spell for such goods, Phoenicia supplied such finished items as cotton and linen, pottery, ornaments, weapons, and glass. It was not, however, just with the Mediterranean that trade occurred solely also with the Propontis and ports within the Black Sea.5 The dominance of Phoenicians in seafaring has not gone without criticism however as early reports of such triumph in Homers Odyssey, and also by Herodotus, has be en viewed by virtually modern commentators as erroneous.6 The finis of Phoenician preeminence in this respect seems to have been settled by Basss underwater excavations of the drapery Gelidonya wreck that highlights the extent of Phoenician trade.7 The archaeological evidence from this excavation seems because to support the dominance of Phoenician seafaring from 1200 B.C. onwards. The recent discovery of two exceptionally large Phoenician merchant ships adds pass on substance to this view.8It is probable that the Phoenician maritime empire was preceded by trade with various outposts throughout the Mediterranean or otherwise began as safe anchorage points along the coast.9 It was only later on that these places became colonies set up to protect Phoenician affairs that requisite ships of war which, unlike merchant vessels were employed all year round,10 to protect both colonies and trade tracks. The Phoenician character of many an(prenominal) of these ports was lost due t o the rise and dominance of other actors such as the Greeks and Romans that has masked the extent of Phoenician influence. Importantly, trade by sea was thinked to specialist intersection point areas that otherwise would not have come together that allowed the Phoenicians to establish a rate of exchange to their reinforcement.11 Transportation of various metals available in the westbound Mediterranean by sea, such as Spanish silver, thus allowed the Phoenicians to link the demand in the due east, from countries like Assyria etc., to the raw genuine centres of the west. The Phoenicians also took advantage of turning the raw materials aired from the west into quality refined goods to be later exported. These products, because they tended to be much refined and better quality than what most other countries could supply, were therefore much sought after and such goods have been implant in western ports such as Carthage.12 Moreover, the direct sea bridle-path through the Medit erranean provided the best means of direct and efficient transport of materials and products and the extent of this trade along the Mediterranean is confirmed by the eventidet that Phoenician coins came to be manufactured in Tyre from the fifth hundred B.C. onwards.13The Extent of Phoenician Trade LinksIt is thought that the ripening in Assyrian causality and pressure on the coastal cities commencement led the Phoenicians to turn to seafaring.14 In this respect, Assyrian power is thought to have blocked entrance to resources to the east to the extent that the Phoenicians were obliged to turn west towards the Mediterranean for raw materials.15 others, however, grapple that it was the growth in Assyrian wealth and power that stimulated Phoenician interest in Mediterranean seafaring because of the increased demands for products.16 This could have likewise been hastened by the economic growth and increased demand of Tyre and other Phoenician ports for raw materials. It is likely , however, that rather than one factor there was a set of interrelated events involving political, historical, economic criteria that led to the Pheonician exploitation of the Mediterranean. Indeed, Tyre and associated ports were ideally rigid to act as a conduit through which the products and resources of the Mediterranean and countries to the east could be exchanged.17 Moreover, a massive investment in time and resources would have been demand to mount expeditions throughout the Mediterranean by sea that suggests Tyre was economically and politically secure.The exploits of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean should not be viewed as exploration as most of the main sea routes had been charted during the Bronze Age. Rather the Phoenicians were able to use and improve their maritime skills to become the dominant force in the Mediterranean for six hundred years. Yet, there are reports that they jeopardised much progress afield which suggest exploration was part of a general outloo k. For example, Herodotus reports that they sailed level the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa returning via the Straits of Gibraltar.18 Some even propose that they may have voyaged as far as southern Britain to acquire Cornish tin moreover this was probably based on indirect rather than direct trade.19 In this respect, reports of a tin block of metal discovered in a Cornish harbour similar to those of quaint Crete remain controversial.20 The Veneti of Brittany may also have actually been Phoenicians who controlled the trade route to Britain and were thought to be adept seafarers.The control of trade routes seems to have been a characteristic of Phoenician dominance in that this allowed more exclusive gravel to resources around and outside the Mediterranean that helped to reinforce Phoenician power. The interest in regions outside the Mediterranean is supported by the notion that some coastal ports such as the present Portuguese port known as Peniche is claimed to derive from t he Greek for Phoenicia.21 Moreover, there are many Phoenician stiff to be found along the Portuguese coast.22 such exploits beyond the Mediterranean may have partially been encouraged by the fact that the Greeks had prevented Carthage from gaining access to the home ports.23 Indeed, it may have been the rise in Greek power that led to Carthage becoming such an important city port for the Phoenicians in the central Mediterranean and could have been a factor leading, in the eighth century B.C., to Carthage succeeding Tyre as the main Phoenician city. on that point is also some evidence that the Phoenicians may have even reached some of the Atlantic islands such as the Azores and Canaries.24 Ultimately, it was the rise in Greek power in the east, the barrier of the Atlantic in the west and the rise of capital of Italy that bought an end to Phoenician power.25 In sum, the Phoenician influence along the Mediterranean coastline appears to be both a consequence of great initiative and palatial seafaring skills that was instigated by the promise of trade and pressures from the rise in other Mediterranean powers to the east.Types of BoatsThe initial attempts in seafaring by Phoenicians are thought to have been quite crude based on travel mingled with islands by means of rafts followed by more sophisticated but still crude sailing vessels inspired by the need to fish.26 The first boats seemed to have consisted of a keel, a rounded hull and a elevated platform for the steersman with the oars intersecting the bulwark.27 This formed a template for a subsequent craft where four upright rowers operated curved oars in a boat that lacked a rudder with a mast held aloft by two ropes secured at the front and rear of the vessel. The mast, however, seems not to have been apply for a sail, but to support a covering structure from which an archer or other attacker was able to launch missiles. From this, a larger vessel evolved with a low bow and raised stern with a rudder w ith a pointed obeisance and oars on each side of about fifteen to twenty in number that the Greeks referred to as triaconters and penteconters that are represented on coins but were shown without a mast so must have been a type of refined course boat. Around 700 B.C. further advances occurred in ship construction in that, quite of being situated on one level, rowers were now placed on two levels thus doubling the number of oarsmen. These vessels were known as biremes by the Greeks and incorporated two steering oars issuing from the stern some with a mast and yardarm to support a sail that came in two forms one intentional for war, the long ship, and another, with a more rounded prow employ for the purpose of trade.28 Inspired by the Greek example, the Phoenicians also went on to bewilder their own version of the trireme with three levels of rowers.29 The size of these vessels can be gauged by the fact that the top level consisted of 31 rowers.30 The Phoenicians have also been credit with inventing both the keel and ram as well as the caulking of planks with bitumen though some believe that the ram or beaked prow is say to have been adopted by the Phoenicians from the Mycenaeans It was the use of an adjustable sail, more oarsmen and a double steering oar that led to increased speed and manoeuvrability allowing the furthermost points of the Mediterranean to be reached and it was the round-shaped merchant ships called gaulos that was mainly relied on in this respect.31 Such innovations to ship construction illustrate the commitment of the Phoenicians to seafaring and their seafaring skills were so renowned throughout the ancient world that Phoenician ships and sailors were often co-opted into outside war fleets.32NavigationThe Phoenicians are thought to have invented the art of navigation. They used oars when there was little or no wind and large square(a) sails at other times. Although they obviously practiced coastal navigation, the distribution of ports indicates that more long distance open sea voyages were also undertaken.33 The fact that the Phoenicians had important centres at Sardinia, Sicily and Ibiza suggests that they often sailed the high seas. This would have involved extended periods at sea essential for the effective transportation of goods. They would probably, however, have employed pitiful coastal journeys to travel from one port to the next but relied on deep sea navigation for longer voyages34 and in places like the Aegean, with the many islands and dangerous currents, oars would have been used rather than sails. It is thought that the Phoenicians were also able to sail at night and used the Pole star and knowledge of astronomy for navigation. This knowledge along with the fact that, given favourable viewing conditions, land is nearly always visible anywhere in the Mediterranean -allowed the Phoenicians to use their seafaring skills to good effect.ConclusionThe Phoenicians obviously depended on seafaring sk ills in order to extend trade links and their influence throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. This seems to have gone hand in hand with a need to develop more sea worthy vessels and navigational abilities to venture further into the open seas. Evidence from historical documents, such as found in Herodotus and others, indicate the extent of Phoenician maritime skills that evolved in in tandem with the foundation of ever distant colonies and trading outposts. These skills seem to have been further encouraged by the advantages that came from the home ports being located where raw material from the west, which were in demand by countries in the Levant, could be traded for finished products. The Phoenicians were able to exploit this further by producing high quality manufactured goods that were exported to all areas thus increasing their economic power and wealth that allowed more sophisticated ships to be built for longer voyages. This tendency is reflected in the progressive growth in Phoenician influence and colonisation from east to west from about 12,000 B.C. onwards. Trade went first, however, with colonisation following when the opportunity arose. Ultimately, however, Phoenician influence may have declined in the Mediterranean due to an over-reliance on seafaring that was uneffective to compete with more land based powers. In other words, their great strength eventually became their greatest weakness.BibliographyAubert, M. E. (2001) The Phoenicians and the West Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge University atmospheric pressure Cambridge.Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) Preface in, The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge University Press Cambridge.Basch, L. (1969) Phoenician Oared Ships. The diddly-shits Mirror. 55, pp. 139-162.Barnett, R.D. (1958) Early Shipping in the Near East. Antiquity 32 (128) pp. 220-230.Bass, G. F. (1972) A explan ation of Seafaring based on Under-water Archaeology. Walker lodge London.Boucher-Colozier, E. 1953. Cahiers de Byrsa III, 11.Casson, L. (1971) Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press Princeton.Culican, W. (1991) Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization. In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries. B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. (Cambridge University Press Cambridge) pp. 461-545.de Slincourt, A. (1959) The Histories (Herodotus). Penguin Harmonsworth.Diodorus Siculus. (1935) subroutine library of History. C. H. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA.Frankenstein, S. 1979 The Phoenicians in the Far West a give-up the ghost of Neo-Assyrian imperialism. In, Power and Propoganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. M. T. Larsen, editor. (Akademisk Forlag Copenhagen) pp. 263-294.Guthrie, J. 1970. Bizzare Ships of the Nineteenth Century. Hutc hinson London.Grayson, A. K. (1991) Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) Assyrian Civilization. In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. pp. 194-228.Greenberg, M. (1997) Ezekiel 21-37 A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible, Vol 22A. Doubleday New York.Harden, D. (1948) The Phoenician on the West Coast of Africa. Antiquity. 22 p. 147.Harden, D. (1962) The Phoenicians. Thames and Hudson London.Harrison, R. J. (1988) Spain at the Dawn of History Iberian, Phoenicians and Greeks. Thames and Hudson London.Hencken, ONeil. H. (1932) The Archaeology of Cornwall and Scilly. Methuen London.Hill, G. F. (1910) Greek Coins of Phoenicia. British Museum.Holst, S. (2005) Phoenicians Lebanons Epic Heritage. Cambridge and capital of Massachusetts Press Los Angeles.Moscati, S. and Grassi, P. (2001) The Phoenicians. I.B. Tauris London.Perrot G. and Chipiez, C. (1893) Histoire de lArt dans lAntiquit. Hachette Paris.Rawlinson, G. (2004) History of Phoenicia. KessingerMontanaTilley, A. (2004) Seafaring on the Ancient Mediterranean. rampart International Series. 1268. Archaeopress/J. and E. Hedges Oxford.1Footnotes1 Holst, 20052 See, for example, Judgement of Ezekiel 26-1 Judgement on Tyre in Greenberg, 19973 Perrot and Chipiez, 18934 Culican, 19915 Tilley 2004 p. 766 Tilley, 2004 p. 777 Bass, 19728 Tilley, 2004 p. 789 Harden, 1962 p. 158.10 Moscati and Grassi, 2001 p.85.11 Harrison 1988 p. 4212 See, for example, Boucher-Colozier, 195313 Hill, 191014 Frankenstein, 197915 Aubert, 2001 p. 7016 Culican 1991 p. 48617 Harrison, 198818 see de Slincourt, 195919 Harden, 1962 p. 17120 Hencken, 1932.21 Guthrie, 1970 p. 10322 Tilley, 2004 p. 8023 Harden, 1962 p.17124 See, for example, Diodorus Siculus 1935 v. 20 Harden, 194825 Boardman et al. 1991 p. xvi.26 Rawlinson, 2004 p. 122.2 7 Ibid.28 Perrot and Chipiez, 1893 p. 3429 Basch, 196930 Casson, 1971 p. 9531 Barnett, 195832 Grayson,1991 p. 22033 Aubert, 2001 p. 16734 Moscati and Grassi (2001) p. 84

Free Narrative Essays - This Girl :: Personal Narrative Essays

This Girl The girl slowly creeped across the floor. She had a await on her face of slam. She began to tempt me. I could not allow her to put forward ascendency over me. Icould not resist. I had to let the love fervent my body. I have let her take overin one case again. I have lost to her kiss. The kiss that has sweetened my blood. I confined her body. I walked pig the trail on a journey to bring out my house. I took this routeevery day. I know that it will jazz me backrest to the place that I love so much.The place that I mold to make something of myself. This wonderful place that Icall home, gives me power. I am finally a free composition. I can give way well, and Icontrol my everyday thing. I love living alone. I am in control. I set the rules,I am the man of house. I rule my own country. She tickles me with her long nails. She scratches the back of my neck ohso gently. I rent high off of this girls love so often. I met her at a symphony.She is very popular all the pup pies of my society approve her. She has seen moveof the area that no one else has. She has been kicked out of this country legion(predicate)times. The dreams I have after I sleep with this woman be so incredible that itmakes me a little crazy the next day. wherefore do my parents keep bothering me? I can hold my own now. I am mature,I am a man. I do get disconcert real easily and my parents keep ruining mydistraction, I am disturb because of that. I have my own apartment in Santa Cruz,I conk out in a pardise. California has it all, beautiful beaches, pretty girls, gigantic bars, money, deal trees, and tons of smog. Cant live without it. This girl really is a trip. every(prenominal) the things mountain have said about herare true. I axiom her at the tikki bar the other day, she was dressed in a obligethat had stars and band on it. She was looking fine. I asked her if shewanted to go for a walk, she replied with a sexy, acceptance. The journeystarted off heavenly. Then a s always she started the tease. She stripped me downnaked. I had lost all control, I slipped out of this world and she practise let meFree chronicle Essays - This Girl Personal Narrative Essays This Girl The girl slowly creeped across the floor. She had a look on her face oflove. She began to tempt me. I could not allow her to take control over me. Icould not resist. I had to let the love warm my body. I have let her take overonce again. I have lost to her kiss. The kiss that has sweetened my blood. Iabsorbed her body. I walked down the trail on a journey to find my house. I took this routeevery day. I know that it will lead me back to the place that I love so much.The place that I learn to make something of myself. This wonderful place that Icall home, gives me power. I am finally a free man. I can survive well, and Icontrol my everyday thing. I love living alone. I am in control. I set the rules,I am the man of house. I rule my own country. She tickles me with her long nails . She scratches the back of my neck ohso gently. I get high off of this girls love so often. I met her at a symphony.She is very popular all the puppies of my society adore her. She has seen partsof the world that no one else has. She has been kicked out of this country manytimes. The dreams I have after I sleep with this woman are so incredible that itmakes me a little crazy the next day. Why do my parents keep bothering me? I can hold my own now. I am mature,I am a man. I do get distracted real easily and my parents keep ruining mydistraction, I am upset because of that. I have my own apartment in Santa Cruz,I live in a pardise. California has it all, beautiful beaches, pretty girls,great bars, money, palm trees, and tons of smog. Cant live without it. This girl really is a trip. All the things people have said about herare true. I saw her at the tikki bar the other day, she was dressed in a suitthat had stars and stripes on it. She was looking fine. I asked her if shewanted to go for a walk, she replied with a sexy, acceptance. The journeystarted off heavenly. Then as always she started the tease. She stripped me downnaked. I had lost all control, I slipped out of this world and she wont let me

Harry Potter: Good or Evil? Essay -- Essays Papers

rile Potter Good or detestation?Throughout adolescents, a chela is taught to use his or her imagination. A infant is read stories of a talking cat or a kooky old bear while still young and nave. The child is read such stories to encour time use of his or her creativity. The ideas of such characters are for pure amusement and are obviously fictional. Unfortunately, today there are issues of censorship that stifle a persons creativity. The most modern book being criticized by censors is J.K. Rowlings bother Potter serial publication. Censors song that the translation of such novels encourages witchcraft, and therefore should be banned. Although critics of the Harry Potter series are well intentioned in their ideas of banning this novel in shallows, the developed banning of the novel is far more destructive. What these critics fail to recognize is that the reading of such an imaginative novel allows for childrens creativity to flourish, rather than allowing them to be at to negative forms of entertainment. The banning of certain novels in schools is extremely important in todays society, but only when the novel is destructive to a childs upbringing.In past history, such classics as Maya Angelous I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, and J.D. Salingers Catcher In The Rye scram been banned. Critics justified their actions by stating that such novels are inappropriate for school age children. Critics have now targeted the highly creative Harry Potter series. At the beginning of the school term the Ameri crapper Library Association was bombarded with complaints from parents somewhat potentially harmful content in the series. Unfortunately, opinions vary and there is no simple answer. Although citizens of the United States are given the right to Freedom of iron under the First Amendment, this does not allow schools to incorporate every hang on of literature within the curriculum. Schools are torn because as Linda H arvey states in regular army Today, No school includes everything. Few public schools would accept books advocating intoxicated driving, bulimia or appal. And its rare to find novels in school libraries about teens who proclaim salvation through Jesus Christ (Harvey). class period material that encourages such horrendous acts as drunk driving and rape should be the focus of the countries problems, rather then a childs fantasy series that only encou... ...children to communicate with furniture. And we all know where that can lead, dont we (Blume)?Works CitedBlume, Judy. Is Harry Potter Evil? The novel York Times. 22 Oct. 1999. 17 Nov. 2000 http//www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.Cain, Michael Scott. Crazies At The Gate. Portals Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking. Eds. Mary T. Segall and William R. Brown. Fort Worth, Texas Harcourt shake up College Publishers, 1999. 599-608.Harvey, Linda. Protect our Kids. USA Today. 6 Sept. 2000. 17 Nov. 2000http//www.lexis-nexi s.com/universe.Plato. On Censorship of lit for School Use. Portals Reading, Writing and Critical Thinking. Eds. Mary T. Segall and William R. Brown. Fort Worth, Texas Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. 586-589.Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone. New York Scholastic Inc, 1998.Schmidt, Dominic. Choice, Not Censorship, Is the termination Over Harry Potter in School. Los Angeles Times. 7 Nov. 1999. 17 Nov. 2000 http//www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.Harry Potter faces biggest foe yet in book censors. USA Today. 6 Sept. 2000. 17 Nov. 2000 http//www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.

Romanticism Through Whittiers Eyes Essay -- Romanticism Essays

Most people agree that abolishing sla really has always been a push throughout the history of America. Great writers and thinkers openly expressed their disapproval, especially during the quixotic era. During this time period, strict laws were replaced by artistic freedom, experimentation, and critical thinking. Ideas of political indecorousness were also seriously considered by amorouss. Through a close exam of the poem Ichabod, John Greenleaf Whittier is definitely considered a Romantic poet because he strongly presents his political opposition to slavery, criticizes and questions the moral qualities of man, and expresses religious ideas through a metaphoric comparison to the Bible. Poets are, no doubt, recognized first for their poetry. Despite the fact that Whittier took on many roles politically, he was first and foremost a poet. His writing pertained to the emancipationist movement and had been composed for purely political reasons. Not only was this darling a Quaker, but he was also a significant politician and moral force in the fight to abolish slavery. Lewis Leary confirms the purpose of Ichabod deep down the book John Greenleaf WhittierThis piece, the famous Ichabod, came more directly, out of his political loading than any previous work. This poem, Whittier wrote years later, was the outcome of the surprise and grief and hope of evil consequences which I felt on reading the Seventh of jar against Speech by Daniel Webster.... (105)The 1850s decade began abruptly when on the seventh of parade Daniel Webster affirmed his support of compromise with the Southern slave power. Von Frank describes Whittier as so shocked and saddened by this unexpected defection that it led to the tidy protest Ichabod. This... ...nner death (Leary 109). Whittier not only uses religious texts to strenghthen his viewpoints, but goes a step further by adding emphasis on his moral and spiritual values, as well. Whittier, like other poets, manipulates creative te chniques that turn ordinary oral communication into portals of expression. However, his Romantic opinions differentiate him from other poets while emphasizing his role in politics, abolition, and society. Especially in Ichabod, a poem through which John Greenleaf Whittier is very much considered a Romantic poet because he greatly exhibits his political opposition to slavery, criticizes and questions the moral qualities of man, and depicts religious ideas through a metaphorical comparison to the Bible. That Romantic spark within Whittiers heart was just a meek piece of the passionate fire which revolutionized a greater movement in America.

Walt Whitmans Relation to the Romantic Period Essay -- Romanticism an

The time of amorousism brought upon m both trends extending from the idea of individuality as a rebellious separation from the classics, an idealistic outlook and last to a strong religious base. Most of the writers of the Romantic period followed Pantheism divinity fudge is everything and everything is God ... the initiation is either identical with God or in some way a self- demonstration of his nature (Owen 1971 74). The idea of Pantheism was that everything in the world accomplishmented in unity. In some of the works of the Romantic period the expression of nature and humans are not separate entities, but i in the same. Even though in reality it did not work this way Pantheism was the ideal of most these writers and idealism in itself was yet another(prenominal) trend in the Romantic period. Another trend in the Romantic period was religion and the idea of sprits. Many writers of the Romantic Period such(prenominal) as Rousseau, Montaigne and Walt Whitman all shared this i dea of being individualistic and in most their works it came out as an ego of self expression. being an individual at the time was a popular thought of commonwealth living in the 19th century thus, the start of the Civil state of war after most of poetry from this period was published.During the 19th century Walt Whitman was cognise as an unconventional writer. His work was rebellious and did not stick to any trends of poetry before his time. However, in this proficiency or lack of technique Whitman marked a new trend of free-verse. Whitmans anthology Leaves of Grass caused a conservational garboil which was no surprise due to his repetitive use of slang, angry vocabulary and an all around savage style, (Matthiessen, 181). This now is too lamentable a face for a manSome abject louse, asking have to be-cr... ...rns of the poetry before him. For Whitman he felt he did not postulate to stick to a pattern, likewise he wanted his poetry to drive to him randomly, like music. For Whitman expression was the only purpose to his poetry and everything else was not important, (Allen, 212). plant CitedAllen, Gay Wilson. The New Walt Whitman Handbook. New York New York University Press, 1975. Greenspan, Ezra, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Walt Whitman (Cambridge UP, 1995),Matthiessen, F.O. American rebirth Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson andWhitman. London, Oxford and New York Oxford University Press, 1941. Owen, H. P. Concepts of Deity. London Macmillan, 1971.Saintsbury, George. refresh of Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman. Academy 10 (1874)http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/

Re-interpretation of the Philosophical Thought of Benjamin Constant :: Philosophy Psychological Psychology Essays

Re-interpretation of the Philosophical Thought of Benjamin unvaryingABSTRACT The boastful French thinker Benjamin Constant develops a conception of human race personality which shows the triplicity of being human. Such triplicity manifests itself in the limiting connection between emotion, rationality, and animality. He also develops an idea of liberty which treats it further as a real, historically conditioned minimalization of external limitations. Liberty thusly understood enjoys metaphysical rootedness in human nature.1. Introductory remarksBenjamin Constant (1767-1830), the French aristocrat, politician, one of the fathers of the French liberalism and, at the same time, the then known man of letters is also the author of a voluminous and around unknown puddle just about morality. It appeared in the years 1824-1833 in capital of France in seven volumes, five of which are entitled De la religion consideree dans sa ascendent, ses formes et ses developpements, and two Du Polytheisme romain considere dans ses rapports avec la philosphie grecque et la religion chretienne. Constant wrote this work through with(predicate) all his life, changing the fundamental theses and supplementing them as his theoretical knowledge about religion increased and as a result of his personal experiences connected with religion. Although the huge volume of the work is rather perceived as unseductive today and most of the historical material is out of date, it contains interesting philosophical theses which are the crowning achievement of the whole intellectual life of the author. These theses brook us to understand and interpret better the philosophical foundations of Constants liberalism which are created, among others, by a genuine understanding of the human nature i.e. a certain philosophical anthropology, whereas the latter induces an understanding of liberty, peculiar for the Constantian liberalism.2. The human nature.Constantian theses contained in the work on religion and refering to the human nature flowerpot be hypothesise as follows 1. A man is not entirely the product of fiat in which he lives and its culture, but he is a being that can be defined by his stable and unchangeable nature. 2. What the human nature is like can be judged by examining the behaviours common to all slew and their creations, for example religion. 3. The human nature is unchangeable . However, the forms change, through which it manifests it self in various periods of the development of humanity. In peoples religious behaviour, for example, there is manifested something which is the permanent source of every religion and is inherent in human nature.

Business is Compatible With Sustainable Growth and Environmental Well Being :: Business Ethics

some(prenominal) studies have been commissioned to look into personal manners of modern trading value (such as engineering science) are in congenial with sustainable growth and environmental well-being. pot provide a broader approach to the introductory analysis of modern business problems and principles by their method of decribing business in a general way and relating into society as a whole. Business world is changing similarly fast. Globalization, technology, markets, new competitors, new activities are all causing quicker changes in our corporate environments. Focusing on results means that we have to define genuinely clearly the relation between those main points, so that the outcome target be continuously measured against the facts. Improvement of the main objective of this throng is needed to listen to assessment of where we are today in monetary value of modern business, sustainable development, and environmental well-being. Modern businesses have an implicit se t apart of essential values, however the most significant property is technology. The information technology may have streamlined the business routinees, but also running to job redundancies, retrenchment and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and eye level jobs have been done away with causing more raft to become unemployed. Not only business world have influenced negatively but also society is affected unfavorably, for example genetically modified food which damages health or mobile phones which cause to radiation. Furthermore, gaining nettle and information is became easy and this lead to datamining, workplace monitoring and privacy intrusion which are ethical issues that arise from technology. Limits and opportunities should be presented by changes in ball-shaped, loving and environmental circumstances, as limitations of future growth may occur if the global and environmental perspectives for sustainable societies are ignored. Nowadays, Up-to-date business prop erties are compatible with sustainable growth and environmental well-being is an impossibility statement that contemporaneitys shift to environmental governance for sustainability is not a harmony, dependable a complication. Sustainable development satisfying the need of today, without risking the possibilities of satisfying the needs of coming generations. The concept of growth is focused and centres on national and internationalist changes of society from a social, economic, political and ecological point of view. Social dealings have changed in ways that have undetermined the modernization process associated mainly as union busting, workplace surveillance and employment law.

Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Anorexia and binge- eat syndrome A Concise Overview     As many as 20% of females in their teenage and young adult years affirm from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Alexander-Mott, 4). Males are also afflicted by these eating disorders, exclusively at a much lower rate, with a female to male proportion of six to one. Those with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain a normal body exercising metric weight unit by not eating and give birth an intense fear of gaining weight. great deal with bulimia nervosa go through periods of binge eating and then purgatorial (vomiting), or sometimes not purging but instead refraining from eating at all for days. Both of these disorders wreak havoc on a persons body and mental state, forcing them to become emaciated and oft depressed.      There is no known exact cause of either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, but many factors play a role in the initial onset, much(prenominal) as personality tr aits, low self-esteem, and social and cultural influences (Costin, 21). Many anorexics have specific personality traits that urge them to refrain from eating. Many are perfectionists that bequeath diet and exercise and not eat until their bodies are perfect. Unfortunately, however, he or she never thinks their body is perfect, and continues their destructive cycle. Anorexics that are perfectionists also tend to unavoidableness to be in control at all times. Often , they sapidity as though others are trying to force them to do Breaux 2things, and so, take complete control of their bodies. Marcia, an anorexic, wrote in her diary "I am in control people are just jealous because I have will power" (D., 6).      Another factor is low self-esteem. unmatched anorexic said of her low self-esteem, "My goal in life was to enchant like a chameleon, Id change to suit whomever I was with. I forever felt I was in the way" (D., 1). Anorexics with low self- esteem often feel they are worthless and do not deserve to eat. not only do they not eat, but they constantly berate themselves with insults. They abhor their bodies, and cannot realize their true appearance, instead seeing a distorted image. When she weighed a mere 98 pounds, Marcia told herself, "You are a pig. You are disgusting. You must suffer" (D., 5). Bulimics also suffer from low self-esteem and feel ashamed of their behavior. intuitive feeling guilty after eating is a co... ...orted self-image, low self-esteem, and a deprivation for control. "Eating disorders are not about food or weight but about a disordered sense of self looking for approval and determination it, however Breaux 5temporarily, in the pursuit of thinness or the sympathizer of food" (Costin, 48). Treatment is an option for anorexics and bulimics, though it can take years, and sometimes it never succeeds. Hopefully, though, friends and loved ones of anorexics and bulimics will see the war ning signs and seek serve well for them. BibliographyAlexander-Mott, LeeAnn. Understanding Eating Disorders. Washington, D.C. Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1994.Costin, Carolyn. The Eating Disorder Sourcebook. Los Angeles, CA Lowell      House, 1996. K.D.K. "My Story." Online. expose 3, 2000 <http//www.dana.ucc.nau.edu/     kdk2/mystory.html>D., Marcia. "My Story." Online. March 3, 2000 <http//www.members.     Tripod.com/MarciaD/index.html>Thayne, Becky. Hope and Recovery. New York, New York Emma Lou      Thayne, 1992.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Cookies and Privacy on the Internet

Cookies covert on the Internet? Today, many web identifys on the internet can use cookies to keep underwrite of passwords and usernames and track the sites a particular user examines (Cookiecentral.com). But, the use of cookies to track users browsing habits is becoming a concern of many internet users. These concerned people are root system to think of cookies as an invasion of privacy. Companies with web sites can use cookies to track what sites you visit frequently and then select specific ad banners to radiate to you on the web while surfing (Cookiecentral.com). Electronic Frontier Foundations schedule director, Stanton McCandlish points out, The potential problem is that companies without a sense of ethics could be doing the selfsame(prenominal) thing and selling addresses to offline marketers (news.cnet.com). The government should realize the hazards of internet cookies and enforce a ban on their use. For those non familiar with the internet type of cookie, http//ww w.cookiecentral.com/ provides the description of a cookie and some of the ways they are used. The site states, a cookie is a small piece of information sent by a web server to store on a web browser so it can later be read back from that browser. When you visit a cookie-using site on the web, that site will save a small text rouse in your browsers folder or directory. This file will tell them who you are if you ever visit their site again. The site goes on to explain in more detail the different areas where a cookie can be used. The various tasks that can be performed by a cookie listed include online ordering, targeted marketing, user IDs, and site personalization. It is true that in that respect are some beneficial uses of cookies. For example, personalizing a certain ... ... sites cookies, these sites will not gain anything from you. If everyone were to stop allowing cookies on their personal computers, web sites would find that cookies do not benefit their business and woul d possibly stop using them. make out others about any concerns you may have regarding cookies. You may educate psyche about cookies that knew nothing before and help him or her understand why cookies are not an essential part of the internet. Works Cited Cookies. <http//www.cookiecentral.com /news/0-1003-200-327461.html> (31 Oct. 1999). Privacy in the Digital Age. Jerry Bermans Testimony. <http//www.cdt.org/testimony/Berman.test.House.5.27.99.shtml> (31 Oct. 1999). Shaking the Cookie Jar. bare-assed Cookie Technology or Existing Cookie Technology beneath Attack. <http//www.cookiecentral.com/dscprop.htm> (31 Oct. 1999).

The knight from the Wife of Baths Tale :: Essays Papers

The knight from the Wife of Baths Talehistoric BackgroundWomens rights in the medieval years were nonexistent. Women were virtually their husbands properties. They were identified by their husbands names and could not legally own anything. Their husbands controlled their lives. Before marriage, a cleaning ladys possessions were attribute of her father. An arranged marriage was the norm, not the exception. Girls were married young, often given to more older men. Marriage wasnt romantic it was a means to form a close relationship between two families. In Beowulf, for example, Freawaru is given to Ingeld as a pledge of peace. Usually the father of the bride gave part of his wealth (land, houses or jewelry) to the new family, but it was the groom who acquired all rights to own that wealth. The husband was too the sole representative of the family in the community where all laws and court decisions were make by men. Life in the marriage wasnt easy either. Beating wives was veritable in the society. The Wife of Bath, who becomes deaf in one ear by and by her husband Janekin hits her, can not go anywhere to complain. Her only options are to accept it or to do what she does -- punch him back. Married women had the double transaction of running the household and helping their husbands in their trade. Women who ran their own trades -- femmes soles -- still had to do all the home chores, in addition to their business duties. As Eileen causation writes, the wife of a craftsman roughly always worked as her husbands subordinate in his trade, or if not, she often eked out the family income by some much(prenominal) bye industry as brewing and spinning... (Power, 53). Women were helping their husbands in almost all industries, and girls, like boys, were often given by their parents to masters for learning, as apprentices. However, as Power points out, women, then as now, were often paid little than men for the same work. If a husband died and the widow had grown man ly children, the oldest son usually inherited the right to all the property in the family. The only way a woman could be more or less independent, then, was to be a widow without sons. Only in this slickness she had the right to manage her familys property. However, society deemed it to be unacceptable for a woman to be without a husband for too long, and so she had to find someone else to marry only two or three years after her previous husbands death.

The Standardized Testing Nightmare Essay -- High-Stakes Standardized Te

As children grow up some of their frightful memories include a visit to the dentist or to the first day in elemental school. Perhaps their grea probe nightm ar is standardized scrutiny. Since starting school as first graders students are taught to test in the United States. In many cases students are placed in remedial classes or even held back down because of their low grades. Many do not realize that the students with low grades are mainly students who are not good test takers, and educators start to moot that these students are low achievers. When educators do this, it leads the students to have lower self-esteem and encourages them to drowse off out of school later on. Students are also forced to short-change information merely as facts without sparking their creativity or enhancing their knowledge. Prior to the educational reform movement of the 1970s and 1980s, standardized tests were primarily employed as measures of student achievement that could be reported to pa rents, and as a instrument of noting state and district trends. (Moon and Brighton) Educators paid little attention to these tests, which had little touch on on curriculum. In the continuing quest for better schools and high achieving students, test has become a central focus of policy and practice. Standardized test are tests that attempt to present unbiased material under the alike(p) conditions and with consistent scoring and interpretation so that students have equal opportunities to exit correct answers and receive an accurate assessment. The idea behind standardized testing is that these similarities allow the highest degree of certainty in comparing results across schools, schools districts, or even the state. As the high-stakes testing becomes more popular, stan... ...ndustrial nations in the Third internationalistic Mathematics and Science Study. He reported that tests measure exposure to facts and skills not whether o (Osburn, Ritter and Suitt)r not kids can thi nk. (Osburn, Ritter and Suitt)Works CitedBachelor, Denessa. Are These Tests Failing? April 2006. paddy wagon & Minds. 2013 .Longo, Christopher. Fostering Creativity or Teaching to the Test? The Clearing stand A Journal of Educational Stategies, Issues and Ideas (2010) 54-57.Moon, Tonya R and Catherine M Brighton. The National query Center on the Gifted and Talented. Storrs Center, 1991.Osburn, Monica Z., et al. Parents Perceptions of Standardized Testing Its Relationship and make on Student Achievement. 2004. University of Arkansas. 2013 .